Mehlala e melelele e melelele e nang le likarolo tse tharo (3dpams) e bonahala e le sesebelisoa se loketseng ka lebaka la boleng ba bona ba thuto le bokhoni. Morero oa tlhahlobo ena ke ho hlalosa le ho sekaseka mekhoa e sebelisitsoeng ho ruta khato ea kamano le ho hlahloba monehelo oa eona oa taolo.
Patlisiso ea elektroniki e ne e etsoa ha e bua ka mantsoe a latelang: thuto, thuto, ho ruta, ho ithuta, ho hatisa, ho hatisoa . . Liphumano li kenyelletsa litšobotsi tsa ho ithuta, moralo oa mohlala, teko ea mordopolo, ts'ebetso ea thuto, matla le bofokoli le mefokolo.
Har'a lingoliloeng tse 68, palo e kholo ea lithuto e neng e shebane le lihlooho tsa khatello ea kelello (lingoloa tse 3); Lingoloa tse 51 tse bulang khatiso ea masapo. Ka lihlooho tse 47, 3DPAM e ntlafalitsoe ho latela commography. Mekhoa e mehlano ea khatiso e thathamisitsoe. Lifopiso le litlolo tsa bona li sebelisitsoe lithutong tse 48. Dission e ngoe le e ngoe e na ka theko e tsoang ho $ 1.25 ho $ 2,800. Litoro tse mashome a mararo a metso e supileng li ile tsa fapana le 3dpam le mehlala ea litšupiso. Lingoloa tse tharo tse ileng tsa hlahloba mesebetsi ea ho ruta. Melemo ea mantlha ke tšobotsi e bonoang le e tebang, ho ithuta ka katleho, ho ikoetlisa, ho kopantsoe ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa ho potoloha Mathata a mantlha a amana le moralo: mokhoa o lumellanang, ho haelloa ke lintlha kapa ponahalo, mebala e khanyang haholo, e telele ea theko le litšenyehelo tse ngata.
Tlhahlobo ena e hlophisehileng e bontša hore 3Dpam ha e na litšenyehelo ebile e sebetsa hantle bakeng sa ho ruta anatomy. Mehlala ea sebele e hloka tšebeliso ea mahlale a khatisong a 3D le linako tse telele tsa khalemelo, tse tla eketsa litšenyehelo tsa kakaretso. Ntho ea bohlokoa ke ho khetha mokhoa o nepahetseng oa monahano. Ho tloha ntlheng ea li-rurugogacal, 3dpam ke sesebelisoa se sebetsang sa ho ruta anatomy, ka phello e ntle ho ho fumana sephetho le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo ea ho ithuta le khotsofalo. Tšusumetso ea 3DPAM e molemo ka ho fetisisa ha e phatlalatsa libaka tse thata tsa Anatomical le baithuti ba e sebelisa pejana ho koetliso ea bona ea bongaka.
Khefutso ea litopo tsa liphoofolo li entsoe ho tloha Greece ea boholo-holo 'me ke e' ngoe ea mekhoa ea mantlha ea ho ruta anatomy. Linoko tsa CADalflic tse sebelisoang nakong ea koetliso e sebetsang li sebelisoa kharikhulamong ea batho ba sebetsang ka mokhoa oa University mme hajoale e nkuoe ea khauta bakeng sa thuto ea khauta bakeng sa thuto ea khauta [1,2,3,5]. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le litšitiso tse ngata tsa tšebeliso ea mefuta ea mefuta ea batho ba bo-bong ba batho, ho potlakisa ho batla lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa koetliso ea koetliso. Tse ling tsa lisebelisoa tsena tse ncha li kenyelletsa ntho e 'nete, lisebelisoa tsa dijithale le khatiso ea 3D. Ho latela tlhahlobo ea lingoloa tsa morao-rao ke Santos et al. [8] mabapi le boleng ba ho ruta Anatomy, 3D ho bonahala e le ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa, ka bobeli mabapi le boleng ba liithuti le ka lebaka la ho ba le monyetla oa ho kenya tšebetsong .
Ha khatiso ea 3D ha e ncha. Litote tsa pele tse amanang le theknoloji ena li qalile ho fihlela ka 1984: a le Méuké, O: SCA For, le libeke tse tharo tsa Fora. Ho tloha ka nako eo, theknoloji e ntse e tsoela pele ho fetoha 'me ho sebelisoa ha eona ho ekelitse libakeng tse ngata. Mohlala, NASA e hatisitse ntho ea pele e fetang lefats'e ka 2014 [11]. Tšimo ea bongaka e boetse e amohetse sesebelisoa sena se secha, ka ho etsa joalo ho eketsa takatso ea ho etsa bongaka ba botho [].
Bangoli ba bangata ba bontšitse melemo ea ho sebelisa melemo ea 3D e hatisitsoeng ea barasele [10, 13, 17, 19]. Ha ho ne ho ruta batho ba anatomy ea batho, e seng ea bolumeli le ea Anatomily. Litlhahlobo tse ling li hlahlobile mefuta ea thuto ea bolumeli kapa ea bongaka ea bongaka / ea ho buoalla ea 20, ea 21]. Ho nts'etsapele model ea hōlileng bakeng sa ho ruta khaello ea anatomy e kenyelletsang lisebelisoa tse ncha tse kang 3D
Tlhahlobo ena e hlophisehileng e ile ea tšoaroa ka June 2022 e ile ea tšoaroa ka June 2022 re sebelisa Prisma (lintho tse khethiloeng bakeng sa maikutlo a hlophisitsoeng le lihlahlobo tsa nako ea meta.
Ho kenyelletsoa litekanyetso tsohle tsa lipatlisiso li ne li etsa lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso tse sebelisang 3DPAM ho rutani / ho ithuta. Litlhahlobo tsa lingoliloeng, mangolo, kapa lingoli tse shebahalang ho latela media lithutong, Mehlala ea liphoofolo, Mehlala ea Khale, Mefuta ea Ts'ebetso ea Khale, le Mefuta ea bongaka e ile ea qheleloa ka thoko. Lingoloa feela tse phatlalalitsoeng ka Senyesemane li ile tsa khethoa. Lingoliloeng tse sa tsoakoang ka marang-rang li ile tsa qheleloa ka thoko. Lingoloa tse kenyelletsang mefuta e mengata, e le e 'ngoe ea tsona e neng e tloaelehile kapa e ne e se e le lefeela ho ama boleng ba ho ruta, li ile tsa kenyelletsoa.
A literature search was conducted in the electronic database PubMed (National Library of Medicine, NCBI) to identify relevant studies published up to June 2022. Use the following search terms: education, school, teaching, teaching, learning, teaching, education, three- Bongata, 3D, 3D, ho hatisa, ho hatisa, ho hatisoa, ho hatisoa, anatomy, anatomy le anatomy. Khetho e le 'ngoe e ile ea bolaoa: ((thuto [sehlooho (sehlooho Thuto [Sehlooho / Bolela (Boemo bo Boraro] kapa 3D [Sehlooho] ] ],/Sstract] kapa ho akheha [sehlooho / bontsi Lingoliloeng tse ling li ile tsa khetholloa ka ho batla lintlha tsa database tse kopaneng le ho hlahloba lingoliloeng tse ling tsa mahlale. Ha ho na lithibelo tsa letsatsi, empa "motho" oa "a sebelisoa.
Mabitso ohle a khutliselitsoeng khahlanong le lintho tse ling tsa ho kenyelletsa le ho hlalosoa litekanyetso tse peli tsa bangoli (e-ba ho ithuta ka taba le ho tšoaneleha. Lingoliloeng tsa thuto e felletseng tsa lithuto tse tletseng li ile tsa khutlisoa le ho hlahlojoa ke bangoli (ebb, ebe le al). Ha ho hlokahala, ho se lumellane ha ho khethoa lingoliloeng ho ile ha rarolloa ke motho oa bone (LT). Likhatiso tse ileng tsa fumana litekanyetso tsohle tse kenyelletsang tse kenyellelitsoeng tlhahlobo ena.
Ho tlatsetso ea data ho ile ha etsoa ka boikemelo ka bongoli ba babeli (EBR le Al) tlasa taolo ea mongoli oa boraro (LT).
- Model Design data: likarolo tse ikhethileng tsa anatomical, likarolo tse khethehileng tsa anatom, mohlala oa ho fumana likarolo, mofuta oa khatiso, mofuta oa khatiso, 'mala oa khatiso.
- Teko ea morphological ea Mefuta: Mefuta ea bongaka e sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa papiso, tlhahlobo ea bongaka ea litsebi / matichere, palo ea li-ibhuavalator, mofuta oa tlhahlobo.
- Model ea 3D: Teko ea tsebo ea seithuti, palo ea baithuti, palo ea liithuti, khethollo ea baithuti, thuto / mofuta oa seithuti.
Lithuto tse 418 li ile tsa tsejoa ho Medline, le lihlooho tse 139 li ne li qheleloa ka thoko ke "ke" mofuta "oa motho". Kamora ho hlahloba litlotla le lipelaelo, lithuto tse 103 li ile tsa khethoa bakeng sa ho bala ka botlalo. Lingoloa li ile tsa qheleloa ka thoko hobane e ne e le mehlala ea meriana (lingoliloeng tse 9), mehlala ea liphoofolo (1D) . Kakaretso ea lingoliloeng tse 68 e kenyelelitsoe tlhahlobong. Setšoantšo sa 1 se hlahisa ts'ebetso ea khetho e le chate ea ho phalla.
Chate ea phallo e akaretsa boitsebahatso, ho hlahlojoa le ho kenyelletsa lingoliloeng tse fumanehang ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng
Boithuto bohle bo ile ba phatlalatsoa pakeng tsa 2014 le 2022, ka lingoloa tse ngotsoeng ka selemo sa 2019. Ha e le lingoliloeng tse 38 tse neng li hlalositse, tse 17 (26%) li ne li le joalo liteko. Buka e hlalosang hantle. Ea lithuto tse 50 (73%) tsa liteko tsa liteko, 21 (31%) e sebelisitsoeng li-ntominization. Ke lithuto tsa 34 feela (50%) li ne li kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea lipalo. Tafole 1 e akaretsa litšobotsi tsa thuto ka 'ngoe.
Lingoloa tse 33 (48%) li ile tsa hlahloba setereke sa hlooho, lingoliloeng tse 19 (28%) li ile tsa hlahloba sebaka sa thorapi hoo (25%) se ile sa hlahloba lipheletso. Lingoloa tse mashome a mahlano (li-75%) tse boletsoeng masapo a 3D a hatisitsoeng e le mefuta ea lisele kapa mefuta e mengata ea anatomical.
Mabapi le mehlala ea mohloli kapa lifaele tse sebelisoang ho nts'etsapele 3dpam, lingoloa tse 23 (34%) li boletse ts'ebeliso ea data ea bo-mokuli, lihlooho tse 20 (25%) li boletse ts'ebeliso ea database. Sebelisa, le lithuto tse 7 (10%) li ne li sa senoloe mohloli oa litokomane tse sebelisitsoeng.
Lithuto tse 47 (69%) e ntlafalitsoeng 3Dpam e thehiloeng ho 100Dpam ho latela tomography, le lithuto tse 3 (4%) li tlalehiloe ts'ebeliso ea likokoana-hloko. Lingoloa tsa 7 (10%) li lekantsoe ka makhetlo a 3D a sebelisang li-scanters, lingoloa tse 4 (6%) a sebelisa MRI, 1%) a sebelisa lik'hamera le microscopes. Lingoloa tse 14 (21%) ha lia ka tsa bua ka mohloli oa lifaele tsa Moqapi oa Moqapi oa Model Model mohloli oa Moqapi oa Model. Lifaele tsa 3D li thehiloe ka qeto e tloaelehileng ea Spantial ea ka tlase ho 0,5 mm. Qeto e nepahetseng ke 30 μm [80] le qeto e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ke 1.5 mm [32].
Likopo tse mashome a tšeletseng a metso e fapaneng tsa software (karolo ea ho paka, e rarahaneng kapa khatiso) e ne e sebelisoa. Ma-Miltics (Litaba tsa Tlhatlhobo, Belgium) li ne li sebelisoa hangata (Lithuto tsa 21%, San Rafael, 19% . (Lithuto tse 10, 15%), 3D slister (Lithuto tsa Boston, liphula (Lithuto tsa 12% (Lithuto tsa 7, 10%).
Mefuta e mashome a tšeletseng a metso e supileng ea khatiso le lits'ebetso tse hlano tsa khatiso. FDM (FAPSITIONS e sebelisoang ea Telusition) E ne e sebelisoa ho likarolo tse 26 (38%), thepa ea ho phalla ka lihlahisoa tse 13 (19%) le qetellong e tlala. Mahlale a sebelisitsoeng hanyane ka hanyane ke stereolithography (SEL) (Lingoloa tse 7%) le li-slit tsa laser (lingoloa tse 4, 6%). Ho sebelisoa khatiso e tloaelehileng haholo (lingoliloeng tse 7, 10%) ke sehokelo
Ha o senola lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang ho etsa 3Dpam (lingoloa tse 55, tse 75%), lithuto tse 41), liphuputso tse 41) tse sebelisoang ka sekepe. Lisebelisoa tse ka sehloohong tse sebelisoang e ne e le pla (Polylactic acid) (n = 20, 29%), Resinlonnitrile Buyrenene). 23 Lingoliloeng tsa mantlha tsa
Lihlooho tse mashome a mabeli a metso e robong (43%) tse tlalehiloeng ho tloha ho 0.25: 1 ho 2: 1, ka karolelano ea 1: 1. Lihlooho tse hlano tse hlano (37%) li sebelisitse karolelano ea 1: 1 karolelano. 28 3DPAMs (41%) consisted of multiple colors, and 9 (13%) were dyed after printing [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 65, 69, 75].
Lihlooho tse 'ne tse' ne tse mashome a mararo (50%) tse boletsoeng. Lingoloa tsa 9 (13%) li boletse litšenyehelo tsa bahatisi ba 3D le lisebelisoa tse tala. Babusisi ba theko ka theko ho tloha ho $ 302 ho $ 65,000. Ha ho boletsoe, litheko tsa litheko li tloha ho $ 1.25 ho $ 2,800; Tsena tse fetelletseng li tsamaisana le lipapatso tsa masapo [47] le tse phahameng tsa meetso e phahameng ea reroperitionel. Tafole 2 e akaretsa lintlha tsa mohlala bakeng sa tse ling tse neng li kenyelletsa thuto.
Lithuto tse mashome a mararo a metso e supileng (54%) a ba bapisoa le 3dapm ho mofuta oa litšupiso. Har'a lithuto tsena, e leng karolo e atileng haholo e ne e le mohlala oa litšupiso tse 38,8%), litokisetso tse hlakileng, le litokisetso tse hlakileng tsa lihlooho tse 6 (16%). Tšebeliso ea 'Nete ea' Nete, Tomo Sengoloa sa 1 (3%) le ntho e hlakileng ho sengoloa sa 1 (3%). Tse mashome a mararo a metso e mene (50%) e hlahlojoang 3dpam. Lithunya tse leshome le metso e mehlano (48%) liphihlelo tse hlakileng tsa li-ralit tse hlakileng (tafoleng ea 3). 3DPAM e ne e etsoa ke lingaka kapa ho ea lithutong tse 7 (47%), liithuti tse batjha (20%) bakeng sa tlhahlobo le moemeli a le mong oa moemeli a le mong ho sengoloa (7%). Palo ea karolelano ea li-ovaluation ke 14 (bonyane 2, boholo ba 30). Lithuto tse tharo tse tharo (49%) Tlhahlobo ea Moriri oa 3Dpam ka mokhoa o hlakileng, le lithuto tse 10 (15%) tse qalang ka bongata. Lithuto tsa bo-33 tse sebelisitsoeng tlhahlobo ea boleng, li sebelisa litlhahlobo tse hlalosang hantle (48%), tse 9 / Litebello (24%). Lethathamo la 3 tse akaretsang liteko tsa mosebeletsi tsa mosebeletsi ka mokhoa o mong le e mong o neng o kenyelletsa thuto.
Lingoloa tse mashome a mararo a metso e meraro (48%) li hlahlobisisa le ho bapisoa katleho ea ho ruta 3DPAM ho baithuti. Lithuto tsena, lingoloa tse 23 tsa 23 (70%) li letetse khotsofalo ea liithuti, 17 (51%) e sebelisitseng sekala se sebedisang, le 6 (18%) sebelisa mekhoa e meng. Lihlopha tse peli-tse peli (67%) li ile tsa lekola seithuti se ithutang ka tlhahlobo ea tsebo, eo 10%) e sebelisang balekane le / kapa bahloekisi. Lithuto tsa leshome le motsong (33%) li sebelisa lipotso tse ikhethileng le liteko tsa ho lekola tsebo ea baithuti, le lithuto tse hlano (li-anatomical tse sebelisoang setšoantšo. Karolelano ea baithuti ba 76 ba nkile karolo phuputso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe (bonyane 8, boholo ba 319). Lithuto tse mashome a mabeli a metso e mene (72%) e ne e e-na le sehlopha sa taolo, sa batho ba 20 (60%) se sebelisitsoeng. Ho fapana le moo, thuto e le 'ngoe (3%) e hlophisitsoeng ka mokhoa o sa sebetseng ho baithuti ba 10 ba fapaneng. Ka karolelano, lihlopha tse 2,6 li ne li bapisoa (bonyane 2, boholo ba 10). Lithuto tse mashome a mabeli a metso e meraro (70%) a ne a kenyelletsa liithuti tsa bongaka, tseo tse 142%) e ne e le baithuti ba bongaka ba pele. Lithuto tse tšeletseng (18%) li ne li amang baahi, liithuti tsa menoana tsa meno, le liithuti tsa mahlale tse 3 (9%). Lithuto tse tšeletseng (18%) li sebelisitsoe ho ithuta ho ithuta 3dpam. Tafole ea 4 e akaretsa litholoana tsa 3dpam ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ithuta ka mokhoa o mong le o mong o neng o kenyelletsa thuto.
Melemo ea mantlha ea ho sebelisa 3Dpam e le sesebelisoa sa ho ruta ho ruta anatomy e tloaelehileng ea hore bangoli ba tlaleheloa . , 45, 48, 64], color and transparency [28, 45], reliability [24, 56, 73], educational effect [16, 32, 35, 39, 52, 57, 63, 69, 79], cost [ 27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 64, 80, 81, 83], reproducibility [80], possibility of improvement or personalization [28, 30, 36, 45, 48, 51, 53, 59, 61, 67, 80], bokhoni ba ho sebelisa liithuti [30, 49], ba boloka nako ea ho ruta ka mokhoa o nepahetseng oa maemo [51, 53, 53, 53], 67], moralo o potlakileng oa e leng mohlala skeleton [81], bokhoni ba ntlo le ho boloka tsebo [32], hammoho le mosuoe [ 25, 63] Khotso-pele ea baithuti [25, 63]. 45, 46, 52, 52, 57, 63, 66, 69, 84].
The main disadvantages are related to design: rigidity [80], consistency [28, 62], lack of detail or transparency [28, 30, 34, 45, 48, 62, 64, 81], colors too bright [45]. le phofo ea mokatong [71]. Litsi tse ling li kenyelletsa ho lahleheloa ke tlhahisoleseling [30, 76], nako e telele ea ho hatisa [37, 67], ho haella ka lebaka la phapang ea anatomical [25], le litšenyehelo. Ea phahameng [48].
Setsebi sena sa tsamaiso se akaretsa lingoliloeng tse 68 tse phatlalalitsoeng ho feta lilemo tse 98 mme e totobatsa thahasello ea sechaba sa saense ho 3Dpam e le sesebelisoa sa ho ithuta anatomy. E mong le e mong ea anatomical e ile ea ithutoa le 3D e hatisitsoeng. Ho lingoliloeng tsena, ho ile ha ba bapisoa le 3Dpam 3DPam le mefuta e meng, le lingoloa tse 3 tse u lekola bohlokoa ba patsi.
Ha re fuoa liphapang tse entsoeng ka lithuto tsa khatiso tsa Anatomical 3D, ha rea ka ra talima ho loketse ho tsamaisa tlhahlobo ea meta. Sekaseka meraki e hatisitsoeng ka 2020 e tsepamisitse maikutlo tlhahlobong ea tsebo ea Anatomi ka mor'a tlhahlobo ea boqapi le theknoloji ea boqapi ba 3Dpame le theknoloji [10].
Setereke sa Hlooho ke hore ho rarahana ka ho fetisisa ho hlahisa sebaka sena sa anatomical sethaleng sena se se nang meeli le matsoho kapa torso. CT ke ho fihlela joale e sebelisoang haholo ho hloka botsitso. Mokhoa ona o sebelisoa haholo, haholo-holo ho li-setting tsa bongaka, empa o na le qeto e lekanyelitsoeng ea libaka le ho ba le phapang e tlase ea lisele tse bonolo. Mefokolo ena e etsa hore CT STANS e se ke ea nepahala bakeng sa karolo le mohlala oa tsamaiso ea methapo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, Tomo e kopantsoeng le tomo e loketseng hantle bakeng sa karolo ea masapo a lesapo la masapo Bone / Mathata a bonolo a masapo / a bonolo a thusa ho phethela mehato ena pele ho 3D ea Anatomical Anatomical Anatomical Anatomical Anatomical Anatomical Anatomical anatomical. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, likokoana-hloko li nkoa e le theknoloji ea litšupiso mabapi le qeto ea Spatie [70]. Linoko tsa mahlo kapa MRI le tsona li ka sebelisoa ho fumana litšoantšo. Qeto e phahameng e thibela ho hokahanya marapo ebe e boloka bosesane ba meaho ea anatomical [59]. Khetho ea mohlala e boetse e ama qeto ea Spaatia: Mohlala, mefuta ea polasetiki e na le qeto e tlase [45]. Baqapi ba litšoantšo ba tlameha ho theha mefuta ea 3D ea 3D, e ke keng ea beha litšenyehelo ($ 25 ho $ 150 ka hora) [43]. Ho fumana lifaele tse phahameng tsa boleng bo holimo. Hoa hlokahala ho khetholla liparathara tsa khatiso, tse kang mofuta oa mohlala oa anatomical ho poleiti [29]. Bangoli ba bang ba fana ka maikutlo a hore theknoloji e tsoetseng pele ea khatiso e kang sl e lokela ho sebelisoa kae kapa kae moo ho ka khonehang ho ntlafatsa ho nepahala ha 1Dpam [38]. Tlhahiso ea 3Dpam e hloka thuso ea litsebi; Litsebi tse batloang haholo ke baenjiniere [72], litsebi tsa raliget, [75], baqapi ba litšoantšo [253] le anamano ea 43] le ba 76, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77
Software ea likarolo le lintlha tsa mohlala ke lintlha tsa bohlokoa ho fumana mefuta e nepahetseng ea anatomical, empa litšenyehelo tsa liphutheloana tsena le ho rarana tsona li sitise tšebeliso ea tsona. Boithuto bo 'maloa bo hahiloe ho sebelisoa ha liphutheloana tse fapaneng tsa software le mahlale a ho hatisa, a totobatsa melemo le likotsi tsa mahlale a mang le a mang]. Ntle le software ea mohlala, software ea khatiso e lumellanang le khatiso e khethiloeng e ea hlokahala; Bangoli ba bang ba khetha ho sebelisa marang-rang a 3D a 3D [75]. Haeba lintho tse lekaneng tsa 3D li hatisitsoe, tsetelo li ka lebisa ho khutla licheleteng [72].
Polasetiki ke lintho tse sebelisoang haholo ho feta. Metsotso ea eona e fapaneng le mebala e etsa hore e be boitsebiso ba khetho ea 3Dpame. Bangoli ba bang ba rolisitse 'muso oa eona o phahameng ha o bapisoa le motsoako oa setso kapa mefuta [24, 56, 73]. Lifate tse ling li bile li na le thepa kapa thepa ea ho kokobela. Mohlala, fielaflex le Theknoloji ea FDM e ka otlolla maoto ho fihlela ho 700%. Bangoli ba bang ba nahana ka eona litaba tsa ho khetha mesifa, tendon le progament [63]. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lithuto tse peli li hlahisitse lipotso ka khatello ea fiber nakong ea khatiso. Ebile, ho hlophisoa ha mesifa, ho kenya letsoho, ho kenella, kemiso le tšebetso li bohlokoa haholo ho mesifa ea mesifa ea mesifa ea mesifa.
Ho makatsang ke hore, lithuto tse seng kae tse buang ka lipalo tsa khatiso. Kaha batho ba bangata ba nka karolelano ea 1: 1 hore e be le maemo, e kanna eaba e khethile ho se bue. Le ha ho theoa ho tla ba molemo bakeng sa ho ithuta ka lihlopha tse kholo, ho na le lebaka la ho tšosa le ho hola hoa ba ntho ea bohlokoa. Ehlile, sekala se felletseng se nolofalletsa ho fumana le ho bua ka likarolo tse fapaneng tsa batho, e leng se ka hlalosang hore na ke hobaneng ha li sebelisoa.
Ea bahahlauli ba bangata ba fumanehang 'marakeng, ba sebelisang polyjet kapa thepa e ngata haholo (ka nako e ngata /www.aniwaa.com/). Litsenyehelo tsena tse phahameng li ka fokotsa ho phahamisa 3Dpam likolong tsa bongaka. Ntle le litšenyehelo tsa mohatisi, litšenyehelo tsa lisebelisoa tse hlokahalang bakeng sa khatiso ea inkjet li phahame ho feta bakeng sa lebone kapa bahatisi [68]. Litheko tsa babusi ba Sla kapa FDM li boetse li theko e tlase, li ho ho € 476 ho € 476 ho € 476 ho € 4,99 lirelong tse thathamisitsoeng tlhahlobo ena. Ho latela Tripodi le basebetsi-mmoho, karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea masapo e ka hatisoa bakeng sa US $ 1.25 [47]. Eleven studies concluded that 3D printing is cheaper than plasticization or commercial models [24, 27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 63, 80, 81, 83]. Ho feta moo, mefuta ena ea khoebo e etselitsoe ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling ea mamello ntle le lintlha tse lekaneng tsa ho ruta kampa [80]. Mefuta ena ea khoebo e nkoa e le tlase ho 3Dpam [44]. Hoa bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore, ho kenyelletsa theknoloji ea ho hatisa e sebelisitsoeng, litšenyehelo tsa ho qetela li lekana le tekanyo ebe ka lebaka leo boholo ba ho qetela ba 3Dpam [48]. Ka mabaka ana, sekala se felletseng se khethoa ka bongata.
Ke thuto e le 'ngoe feela e neng e bapisoa le 3DPam e nang le mefuta e fumanehang ea anatomical e fumanehang ea anatomical e fumanehang khoebong [72]. Disampole tsa Calpluctic ke karolo e tloaelehileng e sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa 3Dpam. Le hoja ba ne ba e-na le mefokolo, mehlala ea meso ea mashuda e lula e le sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa sa ho ruta anatomy. Phapang e lokela ho etsoa pakeng tsa autopsy, ho khetholloa le lesapo le omeletseng. Ho latela liteko tsa koetliso, ho bonts'a lipatlisiso tse peli ho bontša hore 3DPAM e ne e sebetsa hantle ho feta karonal alontion e hlakileng [16, 27]. Thuto e le 'ngoe e bapisoa kapa hora e le' ngoe ea boikoetliso e sebelisa 3Dpam (pheletso e tlase) e nang le hora e le 'ngoe ea karolelano ea anatomical [78]. Ho ne ho se na liphapang tsa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa mekhoa e 'meli ea ho ruta. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe ha ho na lipatlisiso tse nyane tsa sehlooho sena hobane papiso e joalo e thata. Karohano ke ho lokisetsoa nako bakeng sa baithuti. Ka nako e 'ngoe lihora tse ngata li ntse li hlokahala, ho latela hore ho lokisoa. Papiso ea boraro e ka etsoa ka masapo a omileng. Ho ithuta ka Tsai le Smith li fumane hore lintlha tsa liteko li ne li le betere haholo sehlopheng se sebelisa 3Dpam [51, 63. Chen le basebetsi mmoho ba hlokometse hore liithuti li sebelisa mefuta ea 3D e entsoe hantle ho meaho e khethollang (li-skulls), empa ho ne ho se na phapang ho McQ]. Qetellong, ho ile ha supa morero le basebetsi-mmoho tse ntlafalitsoeng tlhahlobong ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo sehlopheng sena se etsang 3Dpaam ea The Piltergopatone fossa [46]. Lisebelisoa tse ling tse ncha tsa thuto li ile tsa tsejoa ka tlhahlobo ena ea lingoliloeng. Ba atileng haholo har'a bona ke ntho e khothalletsoang, 'nete e bohlokoa le lipapali tse tebileng [tse 43]. Ho latela Ba Bohla le Mmoho Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho thata ho fumana lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa thuto e ncha ea Anatomy e sa iphetetsa, haholo-holo lisebelisoa tsa bo-48].
Boithuto bo boholo bo hlahloba 3DPam e ncha li sebelisitse matlotlo a tsebo. Litokelo tsena li thusa ho qoba leeme tlhahlobong. Bangoli ba bang, pele ba khanna lithuto tsa liteko, ba felisitse liithuti tsohle tse finyeletseng ka holimo ho liteko tsa pele [40]. Har'a libaesekele tsa baesekele le basebetsi mmoho le bona e ne e le 'mala oa mohlala le khetho ea baithaopi sehlopheng sa seithuti [sa 61]. Ho tsitsa ho tsamaisa mekhoa ea meaho ea anatomical. Chen le basebetsi-mmoho ba tiisitse maemo a thata a liteko ntle le liphapang tsa mathoasong a lihlopha lipakeng tsa lihlopha mme thuto e ne e foufalitsoe ho isa ho ho feta ho ka khonahala ho ka khonahala ho ka khonahala ho ka khonahala ho ka khonahala ho ka etsahala. Lime le basebetsi mmoho li khothaletsa hore tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea morao e phetheloe ke motho oa boraro ho qoba leeme ka tlhahlobong [16]. Lithuto tse ling li sebelisitse sekala se ratoang ho lekola bonnete ba 3Dpam. Sesebelisoa sena se loketse ho lekola khotsofalo, empa ho ntse ho na le likheo tsa bohlokoa tseo u ka li lemohang.
Thuto ea thuto ea 3Dpame ea 3Dpame e ne e hlahlojoe har'a liithuti tsa bongaka, ho kenyeletsa le liithuti tsa bongaka tsa selemo sa selemo, ka 14 ea 33. Thutong ea bona ea sefofane, Wilk le basebetsi-mmoho ba ne ba lumela hore khatiso ea bongaka e ne e lokela ho kenyelletsoa Anatomy ea bona ea ho ithuta anatomy. 87% ea baithuti ba hlahlobisisa thutong ea Cercenelli ba lumela hore selemo sa bobeli sa thuto e ne e le nako e nepahetseng ea ho sebelisa 3Dpam [84]. Tanner le liphetho tsa basebetsi-'moho le tsona li boetse li bontšitse hore liithuti li ne li e-na le molemo o motle haeba ho se ho se joalo ho ne ho se mohla nkileng ka ithuta tšimo [46]. Lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore selemo sa pele sa sekolo sa bongaka ke nako e lekaneng ea ho kenyelletsa 3Dpam ho ea thutong ea Anatomy. Sekhahla sa meta ea Meta se ile sa tšehetsa mohopolo ona [18]. Ka mose ho lingoloa tse 27 tse kenyellelitsoeng thutong, ho bile le liphapang tsa bohlokoa karolong ea 3Dpam e bapisoang le mefuta ea setso ho baithuti ba bongaka, empa eseng baahi.
3DPAM ha sesebelisoa sa ho ithuta se ntlafatsa katleho ea thuto ea barute , 66]. , 69, 84]. Liphane tsa litsebi le tsona li fumane mefuta ena e ne e fumane mefuta e mengata e nang le likarolo tsena tse 82], 'me lithuto tse peli li fumane khotsofalo ea Tichere ka 3DPAM. Lits'epo tsohle, ba ntlo ea mokokotlo le basebetsi ba nkang karolo ea 3D e le mofuta o mong o motle ka ho fetisisa oa batho ba tloaelehileng ba anatom [49]. Ka setsebi sa bona sa pele sa meta ea pele, lona le basebetsi ba netefalitse hore liithuti tse amohetseng litaelo tsa 3Dpam li ne li fumana lintlha tse betere ho feta baithuti ba fumanang litaelo tsa 2D kapa ba tlotsitsoeng. Leha ho le joalo, ba ne ba fapane le 3Dpame ha e rarahane, empa ka pelo, tsamaiso ea methapo le sekoti sa mpa. Lithutong tse supileng, 3dpame ha aa ka a utloisisa mefuta e meng e thehiloeng lipula tsa tsebo ea bona tlhahlobo ea bana ba 32, 74]. Tlhahlobong ea bona ea Meta, Salazar le basebetsi-mmoho ba ile ba fihlela qeto ea hore tšebeliso ea 3DPAM e ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea anatomy [17]. Khopolo ena e lumellana le lengolo la Hitas le eang ho mohlophisi [88]. Libaka tse ling tse ling tsa anatomical tse neng li nka karolo e rarahaneng ha li hloke tšebeliso ea 3Dpam, ha li sa le libaka tse rarahaneng tsa anatomical (joalo ka ha ho ka ba joalo. Mohopolo ona a ka hlalosa hore na hobaneng ha baithuti ba bang ba ne ba sa nahane hore mefuta ea setso, haholo ha baithuti ba sa tsebe letho ka har'a domain. Kahoo, ho hlahisa mohlala o bonolo ho bana ba seng ba ntse ba tseba thuto (baithuti ba bongaka kapa baahi) ha e na thuso ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea baithuti.
Ho melemo eohle ea thuto e thathamisitsoeng, tse 11 li hatisa litšobotsi tsa pono kapa tse mateaneng, 'me lithuto tse 3 li ntlafalitse matla le ho tšoarella (33 , 50 -52, 63, 79, 85, 86). Melemo e meng eo li ka li qhekella likhopolo, matichere a ka boloka nako, e ka sebelisoa e le sesebelisoa sa ho lula libakeng tse 24, 'me se ka sebelisoa ho ruta chelete ea lapeng,' me e ka sebelisoa ho ruta chelete ea lapeng, 'me e ka sebelisoa ho ruta chelete ea lapeng,' me e ka sebelisoa ho ruta chelete ea lapeng tsa tlhaiso-leseling. Lihlopha tse 30, 60, 60, 80, 81]. Ho hatisa ho phetoang ka 3D bakeng sa thuto e phahameng ea bophahamo ba bophahamo ba bophahamo ba bophahamo ba bophahamo ba bophahamo ba bophahamo ba bophahamo bo etsa hore mehlala e 3d e be e sebetsang haholoanyane []. Ts'ebeliso ea 3Dpaam e ka ntlafatsa motho ea potolohileng ea ho potoloha ea ponahalo ea kelello [23] le ho ntlafatsa tlhaloso ea litšoantšo tsa karohano ea litekanyo [23, 32]. Lithuto tse peli li fumane hore baithuti ba pepesetsoa 3Dpam ba ne ba khona ho buuoa ka tsona [40, 74]. Likhokahano tsa tšepe li ka kenngoa ho theha motsamao o hlokahalang ho ithuta kanatomy [51, kapa metsotso e 57].
Ho hatisoa ha 3D ho lumella mokhoa oa mefuta e ka behang ea anatomical ka ho ntlafatsa mefuta e meng ea mehlala, [49] e sebelisa 'mala o mangata, (49] e sebelisa' mala o mongata, (49) e sebelisa 'mala o mangata, (49] ho etsa meralo e itseng ea kahare ea [30]. Tripodi le basebetsi-mmoho ba sebelisitse letsopa le benyang ho tlatsetsa letsopa la bona la 3D, le hatisa bohlokoa ba mehlala ea batho ba bōpiloeng ba baahi ba bapileng e le lisebelisoa tsa [47]. Lithutong tsa 9, 'mala o ile oa kenngoa ka mor'a ho hatisa [43, 46, 59, 69, 65, 69, 75, 69, 75, 69, 75, 69, 75, 69, 75]. Ka bomalimabe, thuto ha ea ka ea lekola boleng ba koetliso ea mohlala kapa tatellano ea thupelo. Sena se lokela ho hlahlojoa tabang ea thuto ea tokatomy, ha melemo ea thuto e kopaneng le ho pōpo e matlafatsang e tiile [89] e thehiloe. To cope with the growing advertising activity, self-learning has been used many times to evaluate models [24, 26, 27, 32, 46, 69, 82].
Phuputso e 'ngoe e ile ea etsa qeto ea hore' m 'ona oa polasetiki o ne o le bobebe haholo [45],' me lithuto tse ling tse ling tse peli li ne li fokola haholo mohiruoa oa batho ba bang [2555 ]. . Boithuto bo supileng bo ile ba fihlela qeto ea hore lintlha tsa anatomical tsa 3Dpam ha li na thuso [28, 34, 48, 83, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, 63, 63, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, 63, 63, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, 63, 63, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43, ea lilemo li 43.
Bakeng sa mefuta e mengata e qaqileng ea li-Anatominical ea libaka tse kholo le tse thata, joalo ka sebaka sa polokelo kapa sebaka sa boithabiso se tšohloa haholo (ka rona $ 2000) [27, 48]. HOPOJA le basebetsi-mmoho ba ile ba ithuta bona hore pōpo ea mohlala oa Anatomical ea pelvis o ile a nka lihora tse 40 [42]. Nako e telele ka ho fetisisa e ne e le lihora tse 380 thutong ea Wemarall le basebetsi mmoho ho ona mefuta e mengata ea li-Dolity [36]. Lithutong tsa tse robong, nako ea likarolo tse 36, 42, 57, 58, 74]. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse 12 li ile tsa nyatsa mekhoeng ea nama ea mefuta ea tsona, haholo-holo tsa bona tse feto-fetohang, [71] ho haella ha lisele tse bonolo, [76] kapa ho hloka lintlha tsa [66] 34]. , 48, 62, 63, 81]. Litšila tsena li ka felisoa ka ho eketsa karolo ea karolo kapa nako ea ho sitisa. Ho lahleheloa le ho khutlisa tlhahisoleseling e nepahetseng e ne e le bothata bo tobaneng le lihlopha tse tharo [, 74, 77]. Ho latela litlaleho tsa mamello, lisosa tse sa tloaelehang li ne li sa fane ka ponahalo e nepahetseng ka lebaka la mefokolo ea litekanyetso [74]. Injuction of cadaveric mohlala o bonahala e le mokhoa o nepahetseng o tsamaeang hole le molao-motheo oa "Ha ho khoneha" le mefokolo ea moemeli oa moetsi oa phapang e kentsoeng.
Ka bomalimabe, lingoliloeng tse ngata ha li bue ka likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa 3Dpam. Ka tlase ho halofo ea lingoloa ka ho hlaka hore na 3DP ea bona e ngotsoe ka nepo. Ho koaloa ha palo ea khatiso ho ne ho sa lumellane (43% ea lingoliloeng), 'me ke 34% feela e boletsoeng ts'ebeliso ea media e mengata. Lirata tsena tsa khatiso li bohlokoa hobane li susumetsa thepa ea ho ithuta 3Dpame. Lingoliloeng tse ngata ha li fane ka leseli le lekaneng mabapi le ho fumana 3Dpam (nako ea nako, lilukelo tsa software, litšenyehelo tsa software, li le theko Tlhahisoleseling ena e bohlokoa ebile e lokela ho tsotelloa pele e qala ho qala morero ho ntlafatsa 3Dpam e ncha.
Boitšoaro bona ba tsamaiso bo bonts'a mokhoa oa ho raraha le ho hatisa likarolo tse tloaelehileng tsa Anatomical ha ho na litšenyehelo tse tlase, haholo-holo tsa polasetiki ea Malapeng. Leha ho le joalo, meralo ena ea mantlha e ka ntlafatsoa ka ho eketsa mebala kapa ho eketsa meralo ka lisebelisoa tse fapaneng. Mefuta e eketsehileng ea 'mele (e hatisitsoeng e sebelisa lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa mebala e fapaneng ea mebala e fapaneng) e hloka mahlale a hatisang a 3D le linako tse telele. Sena se tla eketsa litšenyehelo tsa kakaretso. Ho sa tsotelehe hore na ho khethoa eng ho khethoa, ho khetha mokhoa o nepahetseng oa monahano ke senotlolo sa katleho ea 3DPAM. Qeto e phahameng haholo, mohlala oa mohlala o ba teng 'me o ka sebelisoa lipatlisiso tse tsoetseng pele. Ho tloha ntlheng ea li-rurugogacal, 3dpam ke sesebelisoa se sebetsang sa ho ruta anatomy, joalo ka bopaki ba ho fana ka liithuti le khotsofalo ea bona. Tšusumetso ea 3DPAM e molemo ka ho fetisisa ha e phatlalatsa libaka tse thata tsa Anatomical le baithuti ba e sebelisa pejana ho koetliso ea bona ea bongaka.
Li-data li hlahisitsoe le / kapa li hlahlojoa thutong ea hajoale ha li fumanehe phatlalatsa ka lebaka la litšitiso tsa puo empa li fumaneha ho sengoli se tsamaellanang.
Drake Rl, Doj oa Lowry, CMUTM CM. Tlhahlobo ea toross anatomy, likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko, tse nang le lithuto tsa bongaka ka ho rekisa lithuto tsa bongaka tsa Amerika. Anat 2002; 269 (2): 118-22.
Ghosh S SADECE ACSE Tšebeliso e le 'ngoe e le sesebelisoa sa mahlale a anamano lekholong la bo21 la lilemo: Khetho le sesebelisoa sa thuto. Tlhahlobo ea thuto ea mahlale. 2017; 10 (3): 286-99-99.
Nako ea poso: nov-13-2023